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Francis Bacon and the modern evolution of homophobia

Homophobia term is less than one hundred years old. [1] Before that, disgust for homosexual behavior has been involved in the vernacular of early modern England, particularly the 17th century London, with terms such as "sodomy" and "sodomy." In the early 18 th century, men who have sex exclusively with men were considered "and" whores. "[2] Francis Bacon, the father of the scientific method and indeed a man ahead of his time in many respects, however, shows that he believed that "love men" as "unlawful threat" in New Atlantis (written in 1610-1614 and published in 1623). In other words, a hero who inspired the Royal Society to keep what whether women or female, to arms length.

Their written protests against homosexuality was not evident in real life, however. Despite his public career ended in disgrace in 1621, writes [3] Bacon has come to influence the Royal Society and the expansion of the scientific method in an experimental philosophy still practiced today in modern medicine worldwide. In 1667, forty-one years after Bacon, the founder of the scientific method and the English test, was greeted by one of its apprentices, who said his "generosity transcends the natural love of a father" [4], Thomas Sprat, a historian of the Royal Society, giving credit to Bacon and his "noble task that the philosophy of an immense treasure of wonderful imagination" as one of the "new philosophy" more than the Greeks. [5]

Within four decades, Bacon was the victim of his "male love" a great lord of a Company that changed the methodology of philosophy, both physically and temporally. The Royal Society almost eradicated the Socratic method, not only considering that "the ingenuity of the myths and religions of the ancient world" [5] which serves only the poets and imperfect, but Philosophy is the physical location of a language "English as it contains a larger population of natural and mechanical discoveries. [5] This transformation based on outdated myths mostly rooted in nature and tangible, such as Sprat "mechanic" was at dawn homophobia. Long before "gay" is used in everyday language rights and equality for a minority of people Members who like the same sex, EU leaders criminalize homosexual relations.

In a statement he would strengthen the legal fate sodomy, William Blackstone, a magistrate in England from 1765 to 1769 and possibly the most influential writer of the laws of England and the United States, wrote in Commentaries on the Laws of England, "[The Sodomy is] the nature so grim that false accusation, if it deserves punishment behind the crime itself … I will not act in bad part, my readers, and myself as to dwell any longer on this question, the mere mention of which is a disgrace to human nature. [6]

If In this case, nature is a product of God as described above, then the man be nature is God. Balckstone added: "This crime [] the voice of nature and reason and the right to express God determined as capital. Which have a signal, for example, long before the [Jewish dispensation is to say, Leviticus] for the destruction of two cities by fire from heaven, so it is a universal not only a provision of the province, "13. His use of" capital "raises the crime of sodomy with the highest level of" human nature " links to the story of Sodom and Gomorrah Sodom. Gomorrah and the danger is identified by the fire, a natural element, but the light is sent through the sky. The line of demarcation between the fable, a story passed down for thousands of years and probably not an eyewitness to find a natural event, and is blurred.

In his introduction, natural laws, Blackstonewrites in the comments, "Our law, faith, [being] Mr. Bacon, mixed in our language and our language is much richer, the laws are more comprehensive. "

However, Blackstone before it was Thomas Hobbes, who was a good friend of Bacon. [7] However, it was not until after the publication of The New Atlantis created Hobbes Leviathan [8] which provides the basis for most of Western political philosophy and explains that natural law was divine, because God created nature [9]. Laws that have been natural and artificial mortar college would be the utopian as Bacon described in The New Atlantis:

• • We have called Solomon's House, the noblest foundation, as we think, than ever on the earth, this realm lantern. Dedicated to the study of the works and creatures God … because we have parts of his works that you get lost, ie the natural history he wrote of all plants, from the cedar of Lebanon to the moss that grows on the wall, and every living and moving … by which God could work more glory in them, and men more fruits in the use of them, because the second name [10].

The institution of the House of Salomon is one where the workforce is God in the natural classification and nature, man is a dedication to manufacturing. The science component is complementary to God in which Bacon uses generalizations as "cedar" and "foam", but the aim of "Lantern" House of Solomon to explore the common man and is "more glory. The Latin term for plants like Cedrus atlantica Cedrus brevifolia, Cedrus deodara, in the botanical laboratory of today is equivalent to men's "first name".

The implicit symbolism of Sodom and Gomorrah is the latest in Atlantis:

• • We are now free men, there was no danger of our destruction, and has lived more than happy to go abroad and see what would be considered in the city and places adjacent within our rake, and become familiar with many of the city, not the most humble of quality, in whose hands lies the humanity that freedom and the desire of foreigners, so to speak, within it, and it was enough to make us forget everything that was dear to us in our own country, and we are always lots of things, right worthy of observation and the relation [11].

The expansion Discovery is to be free and not be in "danger" in humans "perdition". If he remains in cities near and far, utopian Bacon man see the places where foreigners are so "in his belly" and "make [man] is sure" of his country because he is so well received. In Atlantis Bacon, Sodom and Gomorrah are set up as the antithesis, as a place. In Ezekiel, the author tells the story two foreign angelic being raped by all the people [7]. There is also a metaphor for one of them a student traveling in cities overseas. We can say that to avoid hostility or places "from humble" quality is a Sodom and Gomorrah

• • There, in his case be subject to vice, and courses are condemned and censored patients. … The governor is sitting up the end, to be implemented by the public authority, the decrees and orders of the FIRE, so they must be disobeyed, however, rarely needed, such respect and obedience they give to the order of nature [...] And because they come from families spread relationships marriage [12].

The case against sodomy in The New Atlantis begins here, before the explicit mention of "Love men" later in the text. To obey the direction of Bacon spreads in families' wedding reports "and avoid" Vice " protect a man running in the Utopia of Bacon.

Since the behavior of the same sex can not produce children, nor could encourage families in the traditional sense, this lack of obedience would be "relief" for families and put to death, which became in the sense that prevailing at the time of Judge Blackstone.

Bacon obligations of the two concepts of "human nature" and "marriage" Yes, because he wanted to distance his method Scientific pedophilia known to the Greeks. Although this distance is implicit in the above passages the term "masculine love," the role of sodomy is a concern Major Bacon, a man who did not have his own children and a brother also was charged with the crime of sodomy itself. Which he was convicted [10] On the explicit accusation against pedophilia, Bacon is clear:

• • As for masculine love, not one key, yet it is so faithful and inviolate friendships in the new world there, and talk in general (as I already said), I not read any such chastity in any people as theirs. And their usual saying is that anyone who is impure can not respect yourself, and say that respect for oneself as a man is, with religion, the charge most precious of all evil. [7]

Although researchers the decade of 1990, Joseph Cady, Charles Forker and Jonathan Goldberg have identified the use of Bacon "masculine love" as a way to condemn the evils of conduct same-sex and a veiled insult launched in Europe "filth", [12], the case against sodomy was well established before use spread the word. Bacon connect "coupling" of women to the proliferation of existing knowledge before using "love men" as something describing sodomy. In the seven cases in which Bacon uses the term "love" in Atlantis, none of they are in a sexual context. The term appears when one speaks of the love of God or love of man for God. The "male love" represents man's penis and chastity with the car in a way that nothing good seed is no uterus. Love is the building is not mentioned in one of the women along the New Atlantis. If Bacon had wanted to call "sodomy" would have been enough previous natural in this text to do so for reasons already mentioned. Sodomy, by definition, an act which is not based on love, because it refers to an act of rape. If "men love" would make sense in a man loves another man (instead of a teenager), it would then be considered as a natural phenomenon that man wants to have sex with another man on the basis of human nature.

The act of self-sodomizing mutual masturbation and sodomy between men, are acts that the seeds of waste in one case of "love of men." The use "friendship" is relative with the "no", that is in Bensalem. These friendships are "inviolable", which means it does not can be broken. Cady argues that "love men" is linked to the "friendship", both words are in a structure sentence into two parts and as a warning of "love men" because it would imply that even if men do not like, they have a "real Friendship [12].

For what is against nature, reports Bacon "to prevent something worse … deflowering virgins, lust cons nature, etc.. [7] sodomy, rape and bestiality of the English company attributes in fact "lust against nature." [13] To identify sodomy through "masculine love" is redundant with Bacon took place, either indirectly or not. "Touch" means "" is a tangible quality of a man who loves another man is not an adult concept that existed in the 17th century. The practice of homosexuality pedophilia was Greece, where Greek men (and Roman men) involved in sex young trainees or students of men [14].

Trumbach Randolph wrote that in 1600 "to be male was to experience sexual desire for women only.." [2] mature young men with the help of their mentors and to marry, that Bacon had his apprentices Trumbach explains:

• • [In] all human societies as those under the influence of the Christian religion, which was allowed two men to have sex with the other that there were two restrictions. adult men who have sex with men marry women and produce families, while the male Adults always have an active or insertive … [Christian Europe] since the twelfth century had illegal sexual relations between persons of the same sex. [2]

The immorality of same-sex couples would not be an examination of love, or being male for both parties, since conventional wisdom has been that men keep their assets in passive masculinity to men who are perceived as less men. This perception is so dominated English society which led to young gay prostitution, transvestism, or at least, to assume effeminate gestures [15].

Masturbation, however, is of little importance to the ancient Greeks and Romans [16]. Since the term "masculine love" is used by the character in Atlantis Joabin, a Jew and a shopkeeper, said, "not under the heavens so chaste a nation as this of Bensalem" [7]. This is a review of Genesis According to Jewish law, the loss of semen was against the Torah and punished with the death of God:

• • And Judah said to Onan, Go in unto thy word's wife, brother and her, raise up seed to thy brother. And Onan knew that the offspring will not be his, and arrived when he was at his brother's wife, whom he poured floor, not to give seed to his brother. And what he did displeased the Lord, why kill him also [17].

The seed loses, a product of masturbation still considered by many religions of today, and I was pretty much discouraged at the time of publication of Atlantis [18]. God does obedience of men to the laws of nature. Onan execution of God illustrates the placing of a man who loses his seed, either in an act of sodomy or masturbation (which Both are condemned by Paul in 1 Corinthians) [18]. Joabin to the "chastity" synonymous with Philadelphia prior warning of the "love of mankind." The chaste man is "more fair and admirable," according Joabin (and Bacon). Here Bacon reveals his contempt for the cultures of Europe. By report in Bensalem, Europe is analogous to the "pollution and ugliness" and "where sin is turned into art." Bacon saw ugliness of their own eyes, after having served as British ambassador to the French throne of Henry III from 1576 to 1579. In this passage, Bacon refers Paris, a city infamous cluttered with sewage, people, and "courteous" by the 17 th century [19]. Renaissance art and artists as Michelangelo jab at Italian Bacon [20]. Words such as sodomy, chastity and marital status of the result relationships among children and presented to the reader before Joabin reference to "the love of men." so that the explicit nature of the term the following is only a courtesy "car … which is a flange (offense) to the vices, the other of religion" [7] In other words, the conservation of seed of the man and his own caste spirit is free of defects and the rest of the natural order. There is no "s. perversion of sin "to entertain, not to encourage their lust whores, not the young threaten their masculinity.

Sodom and Gomorrah on the fate of Onan Joabin references are all references to stories in the book of Genesis, illustrating more Bacon attempt to create its own genesis. For everyone authorized by the House of King Solomon, his mission is to "just to give us knowledge." mission [7] Bacon is to bring Christian ideals science, a problem because English society as a whole, was very cautious about the implications at the beginning of science, fear that scientists have tried to discover and analyze the wonders of God [21]. Bacon's vision was to create a renaissance of humanity and its creation as men only second to God, "the restitution and reinvestment rights to sovereignty and power … that was in its initial status of the institution, "writes JM Robertson, publisher of the philosophical works of Francis Bacon [22].

The last day of travel in Bensalem, reveals the true king of inventions of the House of Solomon: "Because I give you, for the love of God and men, report the true state of Salomon's House … May God bless you, my son, and God bless this relationship, I done. I'll give you permission to publish for reasons other nations because we are here in the bosom of God, an unknown land. [7]

Bacon genesis starts made by a love that is redefined in a genre. men "the bosom of God is to man, or" son. "Recital God had lost after Adam ate the fruit forbidden knowledge (taking the fruit of Eve) in Genesis, The New Atlantis has opened the way knowledge of a relationship that would be closer to God than any man before him. However, Bacon would be followers of the scientific method to ensure that human enough to keep each other in God, or, alternatively, be considered against "human nature" for the first modern society.

The historian Joan Scott writes: "The principle of masculinity is based on the repression of the feminine aspects necessary repressed desires … are present in the unconscious and are a constant threat to the stability of gender identity "[23]. Masculinity is a topic in the first modern works of the Royal Society, only to science itself. Although Bacon was defined that man must be one who is chaste, free of "dirt" and can have many descendants of the seed, the Royal Society to extend this definition in line with what the method Science was presented to the public.

Scott applies even to the earliest writings of the Royal Society. "The repression of aspects female "not only serve to keep women in society for over two hundred years, but it's" Feminine "was designed to be completely ignored [24]. This sodomites, including, but thought it would be a sodomite as passive or receptive during sex man to man. The "repressed desires", presented to the Royal Society "unconscious homoerotic overtones written this code the same threat that Bacon felt when he tried to distance themselves from the community of pedophilia, as the Greeks and Romans. The other dilemma after the death of Bacon and adulation posthumously as the father of the scientific method is that his master had been lifted a pederast known.

However, the Royal Society had successfully polished Bacon historical record by Thomas Sprat Stories of 1667, the trial of Captain Rigby in 1698 is cited by historian Randolph Trumbach as something that struck England social perception of the behavior of the connection sodomy sissy:

• • Rigby was a boyfriend who tried to seduce a man she had met in the park. One of his critics blamed his actions on his "madness effeminate" like a dandy, but the criticism is that, as a guy who was always interested in women as well as "managing your bitch." This is one the first attempts to link the softness to sodomy, and also developed Rigby clearly inspired dressing. [2]

Sodomy and effeminate men, no idea how young men who used their feminine traits or gestures to attract adult males or adult males who were obsessed with women's behavior was regarded as mutually exclusive provisional Rigby [2]. Rigby active is hinted at by the management of "the bitch" and, thusly, Rigby was not exclusive to men. It was "madness effeminate" as an explanation of his homosexual desires. Although Rigby cited smallpox plague, venereal disease unbridled fury over time, as his reason: "When the boy had complained that "the woman could not raise a man's greed at the highest level (as Rigby said the boy had done for him), Rigby said that women were patients' em D_mn "[sic], all are pox'd, I have nothing to do with them. "

Kevin Siena writes that in 1590, people thought that sex with female prostitutes in particular, which are the cause of smallpox, plague (now discussed as syphilis) [25]. At this time, however, a man of same-sex fornication in a sexual history would be suicidal for his reputation and, consequently, the dangers of sexual intercourse of man to man was implied.

In 1710, as outlined Traumbach exercise, sex with men as an active partner, was the only modern way of John young people could be linked up sex, "according to John Dunton … in 1710, followed a similar course: the prostitutes had" burned many suitors [Johns], which are currently in use whores. "These men were to him, however," a new society… S_D call'd ites [sic] men worse than goats, who were dressed in petticoats. "

In the time window that dominated the venereal plague England Bacon had written two books that are often cited by contemporary scholars, such as that Jan Golinski and Evelyn Fox Keller, and sexist in nature-Birth Men's Time (1603) and The New Atlantis.

In the time of birth of male fears of women Bacon had their impact on the seed of men:

• • All agree that truth is the daughter of time. How cowardly to abide by the authors, but to enable Time, the author and authors of all authority, less than yours! Nor were their hopes made only on the universality of the time, but a special prerogative of our time … and if a man's work should start a new search which are also light on something already rejected, and rejection being forgotten. [26]

Bacon speaks of the authors are under the authority of the time, which in this case is "the author of authors," and ("thing"), which implies that time is synonymous with God. The "Hope" when an author "universal" ie, the forward movement of time, and man, as an author in the light of Bacon has a "privilege" to write the truth in the allotted time, as suggested by "our time." Bible led to the creation of alienation God and Adam Bacon himself "Genesis" does not isolate the men of natural philosophy, because now they were simply "Girls", or women, and subjected to a third position of God, the author, the truth. women, or rather, time, human Keller said, paraphrasing, that Bacon was asking people to submit to God so as not to be distracted by the impurities and the spirit of "hermaphrodite" [27]. Also note that Bacon and other scientists familiar with the "implications bisexual." [27] However, the concept of bisexuality was not in the vernacular of modern Europe [28]. At that time, if you were a hermaphrodite medical professionals determine the sex of the baby after birth would name a boy or a girl, and is expected to commit fornication with the opposite sex only [29].

In addition, fear Bacon from femininity is rooted in sexuality by the disease and Scripture together. If the mortality rate for men has increased due to relationships unlawful sexual intercourse, such as smallpox plague, then it should contribute to a bias against women Bacon, plague was a catalyst for PROPORTIONS Bible, because God, in terms of Bacon, punishes anyone having sex outside of marriage sanctioned by the spread-masturbation (self-sodomy) homosexual rape (sodomy) or prostitution (lust).

In care of ourselves and the science of male birth, Golinski this expansion in the writing Keller with:

• • Francis Bacon's phrase "the time of birth of males," the title of a fragmentary text … increased as a symptom of a desire of men to undergo a feminine nature. Bacon was exposed as a prophet of ideology misogynist who had ruled science since his time, a philosophy destroyer responsible for the oppression of women and the depredations of the natural environment [24].

The parallel Golinski what he writes that "his time" and "universal time" Bacon proposes Bacon-time property and men. For anything else, like a man, would be derogatory, "coward" to God. "

Golinski, while admitting that the influence of Bacon presentation role of women in science, Bacon also credits the leadership of marginalization within the science with "its time". Bacon says explicitly that it is human labor, in what is now the scientific method, which determines sex between daughter and author. If truths are women, these truths for posterity men. truths are found in the search for new each other and with the masculine ideal job. A man has discovered the truth "can be dismissed as a mistake if he was wrong by a neighbor through his work. However, this workforce, by the author, must be documented or, Bacon said, "they were just as light on something already rejected by the rejection and has forgotten. "The plight of women (" the truth ") has no control of one man, but men. Bacon women personify "the truth", which is considered worthy of "new light "or" oblivion ".

This weekend that Bacon is "truth" that must be found by men, crystallizes point of view Golinski. Golinski concludes his article, "After denying their marriage and the natural offspring …" The male birth "of modern science at the beginning was one of its preconditions, the meticulous care of himself these bachelors of science. "The underlying message of its title, Male Rise time, takes the woman on the active role of the need to give birth to anything other than human "work". With women in the New Atlantis, the feeling is that they create the desire and passion, which causes the "ugliness" and disease.

Keller and Golinski equation for Bacon anti-feminine views, that he wanted to promote dispairity between male and female side Science – made protection "Pure", and the purity is masculinity. Keller point of bisexuality Bacon is questionable, because the time Baby male monk Bacon creates own science: a eunuch. Whereas, if the spirit of man were all hermaphrodites, Bacon default by the natural law in his writings.

Cady, professor of medicine and literature and gay lesbian in the same article on "human love", says: "[In The New Atlantis] that the legislative culture of not distinguish a discrete homosexuality does not mean that this culture has no consciousness and language for homosexuality. [12] Based on the assumption the Renaissance in England was an awareness of homosexuality, even before the period was about homophobia I would, too. behavior perceived as the world outside of pederasty and homosexuality in England, the research initiated by Bacon in establishing of himself as the new epicenter, or Eden, new ideas.

Not to be chaste and avoid that only women means that men sexually active with men both free options or others to imitate the Greek and Roman philosophers and sexual history. in turn, the exact opposite of what Bacon wanted to achieve in the establishment of a new philosophy of nature philosophy and the scientific method. anyting to be like the Greeks, would endanger the methods of Bacon as an ethereal philosophy did not debate tangible documented.

The threat of nature versus nurture is perculating long before Sigmund Freud and BF Skinner. With his aversion to war and hunting fueling rumors of his personality effeminate Henry III, that Bacon has served in the French court, was an ineffective leader of any action. [30] Tudor-Stuart drama, Native Americans of the New World is presented as effeminate sodomites on the Elizabethan stage. [10] Meanwhile, in Italy, Girolamo Cardano was to make connections between the behavior of same sex and nature in 1547 by linking sexuality to astrology and the planets, but there was more to say that their findings are "cured" sodomites and prostitutes [31]. In Bologna, Codes (Bartolomeo della Rocca) has released the first taste physiologist studies 1504 sexual liaison of the same sex as natural as hair color or lines on the hand [32].

The latter two have the greatest impact. With Cardano, who links the position of the planets, some of God's creation, to a measurable level of the male (Mars) woman (Venus), that a first indication of development speech in the continent not only discoveries of Cardan suggests that when one person. born sex is determined by the position of the planets, but also pronounce a cure for this, but not medicinal methods [32].

In Puerto Viejo assumptions and observations, he writes: "I see these people have a soft flesh, throat cutting, thin legs and often effeminate, large flexible ankles, faces pale and difficult provisions, and many other signs of passion … [As] in many … 40, 50, 60, 65 and 70. [32]

These results have a prophetic proposal that the former is a recall modern gay stereotypes and it does turn into a desire for the opposite sex, but are born with this predisposition. Cocles Cardano and correlate effeminate behavior and to be the passive, receptive.

This pulse, which predates the scientific method is invalidated by Bacon's vision of a society focus on the men perpetuating chauvinism and one day, homophobia. Since men were considered effeminate as suppliers of sodomy (a word which itself has a background as a car and deviant bibical history of a fall of civilization), The New Atlantis highlights define the elements of a heterosexual man who has many children. knowledge of children and maintains a chaste spirit insoles used in the truths of God. effeminate men, on the contrary, have no place in the House of Solomon, and unresponsive not to these ideals, so bring the role of women.

About sixty years after Bacon's death, John Aubrey, Century 17 and biographer member of the Royal Society, Bacon labeled a "homosexual" in the life short, ironically Greek letters for censorship of the masses (and perhaps a sense of frivolous humor) [33].

In search of a philosophy of natural law, perhaps Bacon should count their blessings that may live to see The New Atlantis, published in 1626, in 1533, sodomy is punishable by death.

As MacBeathian which is the overabundance strength of masculinity in the literature results from Bacon to Blackstone and internalized homophobia would inspire others to promote laws against minorities and to justify the killing, condemning, and dispose of centuries. Bacon's emphasis on procreation would have a profound influence on the Royal Society. The organization of all men, as Bacon said his father took him questions macho a wave of alarmism between society English. Sodomy became the scapegoat for England for the "scourge of smallpox" and demonized as monsters hermaphrodites as described mid-1700 by the Royal Society, Dr. James Douglas, who later assumed that this was a manageable "after" the event with other Events naturalness. [29]

A decade after Douglas, John Locke, philosopher of the Enlightenment and also a member of the Royal Society, wrote that sodomy is the result of yielding to the impulse of the person who changed the public's belief that the Sodomites were the product the devil. The ramifications of Locke's theory is that man can choose or not to do something "against nature". [4]

Jeremy Bentham years before the creation of the philosophy of utilitarianism and published articles calling for an equal partnership of positive law which extend rights and not be limited by the use of nature as a factor of legal certainty, wrote on offenses against oneself in a waiver of Blackstone Comments Treaty. However, Bentham published the manuscript that advocates the decriminalization of homosexuality fear of recrimination sympathetic to the condemned by society to be people of same sex "tastes." 6] Bentham article [finally published in the Journal of Homosexuality (1978), have added essentially say gay rights in the Enlightenment if it had been published when it was written (1785).

In fact, Bacon had been made with "love men" who so hypocritically denounced, was " driven into oblivion, "as the most important contribution to the discourse of the West: the scientific method.

References

1. "Homophobia: fear of men, or aversion to men, too, the fear of humanity, anthropophobia "1920 June 5 Jrnl Chambers 418 / 1 Oxford English Dictionary, 1993 ..
2. Trumbach, Randolph "The birth of the queen: sodomy and the emergence of gender equality in modern culture, 1660-1750 ", in Duberman et al, Hidden History (1989), pp 129-40 ..
3. Jardine, Lisa; hostages Stewart, Alan "To fortune: the troubled life of Francis Bacon" Hill & Wang, 1999. pp 148, 464.
4. Dean, Carolyn. Fragile Social Council. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. p. 25
5. Thomas Sprat, History of the Royal Society Part II. 1667.
6. Griffith, Chuck "The Works Hidden Gay Bentham and positive law "of 2009.
7. Bacon, Francis. "New Atlantis" (written in 1626.) From Ideal republics, PF Collier & Son, in New York. 1901
8. http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/bacon.html
9. "Hobbes's moral and political philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 21, 2009.
10. Crompton, Louis. "Homosexuality and Civilization, p. 535
11. "This was the guilt of your sister Sodom: She and her daughters had pride, excess of food, and prosperous ease, but it does not help the poor and needy. They were haughty and did detestable things before me, so I deleted when I saw him "(Ezekiel 16:49-50, RSV2).
12. Cady, Joseph (1992) "Men Love: Writing the Renaissance and the new invention of homosexuality", Journal homosexuality, 23:1,9 – 40.
13. Bray, Alan. p. 41, "Homosexuality and the signs of male friendship," the queer Renaissance, Jonathan Goldberg, editor. Duke University Press, 1994.
14. Holland, Philemon, philosophy of Plutarch, call commonlie the tr morale. 1603 (1657)
15. Jardine, Lisa; hostage Stewart, Alan "To fortune: the troubled life of Francis Bacon" Hill & Wang, 1999. pp 522-523
16. Ellis, Havelock, P. 198 Evolution of Modesty: The phenomena of sexual periodicity, self-eroticism, published by Fadavi Co., 1900
17. Genesis 38:7-10 (NIV)
18. Stengers, Jean, Anne and neck. Masturbation pp 21-22. Basingstoke Palgrave, 2001.
19. "To the west: Three French Queens and urban history of Paris, William O. Goode, The French Review, Vol. 73, No. 6 (May 2000), pp 1116-1129
20. Forker, Charles. "The love of man, writes of the Renaissance, and new invention of homosexuality"
21. Keller, Evelyn Fox pp 33, Baconian Science "Reflections on Gender and Science, Yale University Press, 1995.
22. Bacon, Francis P. et al 188 The philosophical works of Francis Bacon. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press, 1970.
23. Scott, Joan. p.38-39, gender politics and history, New York, 1988
24. January Golinski, "The care of themselves and the birth of male" science, historical science, 1:2002 pp 1-21
25. Siena, Kevin. "The strange silence doctor on the transmission of the same sex of smallpox, "Science of homosexuality in modern Europe, New York, Routledge, 2008. pp 124-125
26. Bacon, Francis, quoted by Rob Iliffe, "The Birth of Time Men: A timeline The modern principles of natural philosophy" The British Journal of History Science, Vol 33, No. 4, El Tiempo. History of Science and Commemoration (December 2000), p. 444
27. This is a summary of the writings of Bacon Keller in 1980 and 1985 (ref. 33 and 37).
28. OED dates the first use in 1824, http://dictionary.oed.com
29. Palmira Fontes da Costa, The understanding of monsters at the Royal Society in the first half of the eighteenth century, the Endeavour Volume 24, Number 1, 1 March 2000, pages 34-39, ISSN 0160-9327, DOI: 10.1016/S0160-9327 (00) 01283-7. (Http: / / www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V81-414X333-7/2/e8f7eb039b0f4ce94f3f9c5eb208792b)
30. http://www.ac-strasbourg.fr/pedago/lettres/Victor Hugo / Notes / Henri_III.htm
31. Rutkin, Darrell. "Packaging astrological relationships between same sex …" The sciences of homosexuality in modern Europe, Borris, Kenneth, ed. The science of homosexuality in modern Europe. New York: Routledge, 2008. p.183 – 185
32. Borris, Kenneth. "Sodomizing Science," Science of homosexuality in modern Europe, Borris, Kenneth, ed. The science of homosexuality in modern Europe. New York: Routledge, 2008. p. 138
33. Aubrey, John. p. 71 "Short Life", mostly contemporary, created by John Aubrey, between 1669 and Oxford, 1696, The Clarendon Press, 1898

About the Author

Chuck Griffith curated high-art short subject films for Best of Breed: Vol. 1 and served as a producer/director for commercial film and television before becoming a novelist. He holds a BA in English and Comparative Literature and an MA in English Education from Columbia University.

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